Stress Essay Essays - Stress, Sympathetic Nervous System

Stress Essay Everyone has experienced some type of stress for some it may be severe for others it may be mild. There are many things that can cause stress for people it ranges from, family troubles such as money to forgetting your homework. There are many types of stress which will be described below. There are also many ways that your body responds to stress or how stress might affect your body. Its important to minimize your stress level for your health and there are many ways to minimize stress. There are also many signs or stress like worrying, dont forget everyone gets stressed at one point or another. There are three different stages of stress the alarm stage, the resistance stage and the exhaustion stage. The alarm stage is when adrenalin is released into the blood and when your blood pressure increases. It is also when your breathing rate quickens and more sugar is released into your blood stream. The resistance stage is when your body adapts to the continued presence of the stressor. The resistance stage requires a lot more of your energy, as a result of that you may become tired, irritable and not as able to handle any added stress. The exhaustion stage is when you can no longer keep up with any of the work placed on you. During this stage your physical and mental resources are depleted. The exhaustion stage occurs only if a stressor continues for a long time, usually months or even years. The stages of stress can take a real toll on your body. There are many signs of stress that occur in your body while youre stressed. One of the more popular signs of stress would be increase of breathing rate and worrying. The first things that come to mind when I think of stress would be homework, chores, worry, butterflies and my heartbeat. Homework comes to mind because, when I have tons of work to do that is do the next day I start to freak out because it wont be my best. My breathing rate increases and I start to get frustrated and it doesnt help me get my work done. Butterflies is another thing that comes to mind because when I start to get stressed I get nervous which causes my stomach to do flips which I refer to as butterflies. Scared is another sign of stress because when you get stressed for a test you start to get scared that you will fail it and it will affect your future. People have also known to get depressed when their stressed because they get overwhelmed with what they have to deal with. Mad is another sign of stress be cause for some people when they get stressed they cant get anything done making them mad at themselves and others. There are many ways that the body responds to stress. The fight or flight response is known to be the humans most basic survival response. There are four different stages to the fight or flight response which includes stimulus, make a decision and body=activated and then dealt with. Stage one of the fights or flight response is stimulus. The second stage of the fight or flight response is to decide if it is a threat or a non-threat. The third stage of the fight or flight response is body=activated, which is when your body decides to fight instead of flight. The fourth stage of the flight or fight response is when the threat is dealt with and your body returns to the homeostasis part. Its important to reduce your stress level for your own health.

Economic and Sexual Oppression of Female Slaves essays

Economic and Sexual Oppression of Female Slaves essays The article Female Slave Resistance: The Economics of Sex by Darlene C. Hine, focuses mainly on showing that slavery was equally as harsh for females as it was for males. In the article, Hine shows that female slaves, unlike male slaves, faced two forms of oppression. She explains and gives examples of the three main forms of slave resistance used by the females. While all slaves faced economic exploitation, women were also forced to deal with the hardships of sexual oppression. Sexual oppression was exemplified through females being required to take care of their masters children, many times instead of their own. In addition, the better-looking slave women were sold for much higher prices and often forced into having sexual affairs with their white masters. Many of the more attractive slaves were sold for prices that exceeded the amount an owner would be willing to pay for a strong, well-built field worker. In 1857, in the Memphis Eagle and Enquirer, a female slave was said to be so surpassingly beautiful that a bid of $5000 was offered and not accepted. Due in part to this sexual oppression, several different forms of resistance were practiced by the female slaves. The most common form was sexual abstinence. One way sexual abstinence was obtained was through women avoiding sex with their owners. Linda Brent, a former slave and author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, used the simple fact that her grandmother was still present on the plantation to put a halt to sexual advances made towards her by her master. Her grandmother was a former slave whom her master was afraid of. The second way sexual abstinence was practiced was by the females resisting sex and marriage to other slaves in hopes that they could eventually get married and raise their children in a world free from slavery. Another way females showed resistance towards slavery was through abortion. Because slave wo...

Martin luther king jr Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Martin luther king jr - Research Paper Example This is also the case with his experiences in different regions of the African world, and of his successes and efforts in support of African emancipation.2 These experiences and efforts influenced King’s ideas of racial circumstances in the United States in reflective and philosophical ways, and they reveal a connection between King and the pervasive attention given to Africa and matters related to being African among blacks since the latter part of the 1960s. The thoughts and influence of King on Africans and the issue of African Diaspora is the focus of this research paper. A great deal of emphasis is given on King’s appreciation of ties and responsibilities between individuals of African lineage far and wide, and on his influences on the fight for African emancipation and self-determination. The pro-independence components in King’s ideas were conclusively shown in those areas of his oral and written works wherein he concentrated on particular issues confronte d by individuals of African lineage all over the globe.3 His emphasis on the situation of his fellow Africans in the U.S. has been widely studied and well documented. King articulated a profound concern for Africa’s fight against colonialism and racial discrimination. He proclaimed in 1956, â€Å"We could turn our eyes to Africa and notice there two hundred million black men and women under the pressing yoke of the British, the Dutch and the French. For years all of these people were dominated politically, exploited economically, segregated and humiliated†.4 King proclaimed a year afterward that â€Å"you also know that for years and for centuries Africa has been one of the most exploited continents in the history of the world†--- â€Å"the continent that has suffered all of the pain and affliction that could be mustered up by other nations†.5 King believes that the mistreatment and coercion imposed on Africa over the years were most apparent in the slave trade, which plundered West Africa’s Gold Coast. He also emphasized that the misuse and abuse of Africa by the white civilizations persisted until the 20th century, inhibiting not just the progress and expansion of West Africa, but the Union of South Africa and other areas of eastern, southern, and northern Africa.6 King’s perception of the African situation in general pushed him to believe in 1959 that â€Å"It is impossible for Angola to stand in Africa and not be affected by what is happening in Nigeria and Kenya and Rhodesia.†7 The interest of King in Africa was widely expressed in a variety of ways. In 1957, he positively responded to a private request from Prime Minister Kwane Nkrumah of Ghana to see the liberation of the Gold Coast. King’s wife, who accompanied him in the trip, portrayed the invitation of Nkrumah as â€Å"one of the most exciting things that happened to us,†8 and stressed that the prime minister â€Å"knew America well and had invited a number of outstanding American Negroes to share Ghana’s great day.†9 King also talked about the significance of the invitation of Nkrumah, arguing that it was an encouraging assertion of the Montgomery struggle and of the bonds that were forged between the Gold Coast and African Americans. The visit to Ghana, which is described in numerous documents as the â€Å"King’s first sojourn on the continent of his fathers†

The Effects of Globalization on the Future of Adult Learning Article

The Effects of Globalization on the Future of Adult Learning - Article Example As the world continues to shrink into a smaller global village and become more interconnected, education will continue to play its crucial role in the transition to the contemporary post modern global society. Although the practice of Adult education evolved in the United States, it has inevitably spread to the other parts of the world. For example globalization has enabled the US model of adult education as well as the educational philosophies to spread to the other parts of the world and consequently many institutions offering adult education in different regions have revised their strategies and policies regarding the practice of adult learning. Similarly the adult education curricula of most universities are now being redesigned to meet the demands and challenges of a globalized world rather than their respective countries. According to Merriam and Brockett (1997),â€Å"adult learning generally refers to educational practices which are designed to bring about learning and person al development to those belonging to adult social group in the society†( p.8).The practice of adult education is currently facing a number of challenges in the global society and globalization has not only increased pressure on the contemporary institutions of higher learning to conform to the global demands but has also increased employment opportunities to the global markets. With regard to the fact that most countries of the world are rapidly adopting free market economies, education is currently seen as one of the critical elements of achieving business success and national competitiveness particularly in the global labor markets (Boeren, 2011, p.376). Another important impact of globalization on the practice of adult education is attributed to the fact that globalization has resulted in various social injustices and consequently the future practice of adult education must take into account the ways through which these social injustices can be addressed. Many analysts also concur that some of the common ways through which globalization is affecting the current as well as the future practice of adult education includes increasing pressure for changing curricular of adult education, through labor and economic markets, elimination of various national languages from adult educational programs in various countries as well as through the increasing us of English language as the primary language of instruction. This paper critically analyze the potential effects of globalization on both the current and future of adult education with particular focus on how the practice of adult education in America has impacted on learning across the globe. How cultural and global issues are affecting the practice of adult education There are several cultural factors as well as global issues that have a significant impact on the current as well as the future practice of adult education. For example some of these cultural and global issues have resulted in the need to change the overall purpose of the practice of adult education itself. Whereas previously adult education was primarily designed to meet social objectives, globalization has shifted this purpose and adult education currently geared towards meeting the demands of a competitive global economy and sustainable development ( Gacel-Avila, 2005, p.122). Consequently this has forced educators to redesign their educational curricular to

Spelling Subject Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spelling Subject - Essay Example After she shared her discovery with her managers, the managers were quite proud of her because she had worked on a difficult project and created something that could add value to the society. The discovery made by her was shared with the production department and the people working in the production department were quite astonished by this innovation. They wanted her to explain in detail about her findings so they could honor her findings while developing the product. They explained that such an invention was very necessary and they should quickly start working on the project before a similar idea is produced by the competitors. They said Jane has not only helped the company, but have been very kind and considerate towards the people experiencing diabetes and her innovation was of huge amount of worth to all individuals living in the society. Her services were appreciated by the general management team as the team was already looking for such an innovation to increase the business of the

BMW and Rosslyn Plants Supply Chain Management and Logistics

BMW and Rosslyn Plants Supply Chain Management and Logistics BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke), is arguably a luxury car manufacturer. BMW group headquarter is in Munich, Germany, however the company is settle all over the world (BMW Group, 2004) More detailed in (Appendix 1). In the early 1973, BMW opened his first international plant in Rosslyn South Africa (Autointell.com, 2007). Introduction The shifting business conditions of the 21st century has led to companies facing issues ranging from economic uncertainty to new technologies, globalisation and increasing consumer demands. In the automobile industry, as manufacturers design and build vehicles globally, their supply chains turn into increasingly multifaceted with challenges that frequently stand in the way of profitability and higher shareholder value such as long order-to-delivery lead times, unpredictable production schedules, excess inventory across the supply chain, lengthy demand planning cycles and lack of visibility of suppliers. The effect of the global economic meltdown increased the pressure on automotive executives to make right decisions about their supply chain for better performance. This paper will analyze how the German car manufacturer BMW South Africa (SA) at Rosslyn plant operates and how supply chain is conceived, supported, delivered and developed as well as identify the inventory management and the performance improvement that are affected by the identifying the logistics and supply chain management (SCM) systems as a possible strategy to respond to changing consumer demand. BMW Supply Chain Management process Supply chain management (SCM) can be defined as the design and management of seamless, value-added process across organisational boundaries to meet the real needs of the end customer (Fawcett et al., 2007). Generally, SCM involves relationships and managing the inflow and outflow of goods, services and information (network) between and within producers, manufacturers and the consumers (Christopher, 2005; Samaranayake, 2005; Gripsrud, 2006). A supply chain includes all activities, functions and facilities (directly or indirectly) in the flow and transformation of goods and services from the material stage to the end user (Sherer, 2005). It consists of an upstream supplier network and downstream channel (Mangan et al, 2008). The supply chain process at BMW starts from the customer and ends with the customer. BMW uses built-to-order structure to provide their customers what they want. Customer makes their request online or throughout the dealers. The information is then transmitted to Munich (Germany) which is captured in a central database. Bill distribution is done to establish cost of manufacturing and deciding where the car will be manufactured (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). This is informed by the nature and design of the product, the cost involved and the lead time. All parts are complete on built-to-stock foundation on the model life of the car imported. Parts are received at the Cape Town international airport by shipment in the case of South Africa Rosslyn plant (SAP) (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). It is then conveyed to the Rosslyn plant in Pretoria where it is then assembly. After assembled, it is taken to the warehouse where it is transported to the dealers set for collection by the customer (Ka ps, 2006). Several of the manufacturing, distribution of cars, suppliers of parts, exportation, quality values at BMW and the employ of mySAP technology for steering communication. These processes can be explained as follows. Production The production practice of cars goes during different shops where precise technologies are practical to make sure that value cars are delivered to customers. The procedure starts at Body-in-White Shop, where diverse pressed body parts are assembled into a body shell (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). The next procedure is the Paint Shop, where it is painted according to the customers request. At last the painted body goes to Assembly Shop where parts are fixed as per specification ordered by the customer. The essential issue is stretchy manufacturing (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). Paintings of car A painting of car is flexible to manufacture cars which meet the customers exact requests. Colour is an important principle for the customer choosing a car and is an influential marketing tool. Each customer is provided with the specific model require, with personalised features and all the options ordered, calls for an exceptionally high standard, not only in assembly but also in production and vehicle delivery management (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). However, one of the main activities on the assembly line occurs at the mix point: the point at which the engine and drive train are mixed to the body of the car. Improvements are made on the assembly line which has made it possible for BMW plant to produce all the 3 Series 4-door model derivatives and option requirements for the local and export market (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). Suppliers and assembly line BMW Rosslyn plant for example has about 44 local suppliers. Suppliers bring more than 60% of the mechanism of each car to the line. Just in time (JIT) supply processes ensure that certain components of the vehicle are on the assembly line just in time to be fixed to the exact vehicle they are made for. JIT supply systems are used to bring door panels, exhaust systems and rear and front axles to the correct point on the assembly line. Using a JIT supply scheme saves space by minimizing stock on the premise (Acamdemicsjournal.org, 2010). Typically, there is only one and a half hours of stock on the line at any set time which prevents damage to stock transport costs and saves storage. BMW plant delivers world-class worth products to consumers across the globe. All operational production is managed for offering uncompromising, best quality. However each and all procedure in manufacturing involved the car is checked for process inspections and aptitudes are implemented where needed (Acade micsjournal.org, 2010). Distribution BMW plant Vehicle Distribution Centre (VDC) has a distribution facility and a cost-effective storage, allowing the safety and quality protection of the vehicles. A 200-vehicle car-train loads export vehicles use dedicated railway facilities and off-loads each day import vehicles. For example Rosslyn plant has about 196 dealers locally. Vehicles intended for dealers are loaded onto car carriers and to dealerships around the country, which save the vehicle from any marks wear and scratch prior to delivery to a customer (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). All vehicles are inspected by associates VDC prior to loading to guarantee that the highest possible levels of quality delivery to dealers are maintained. The VDC provides a mechanical and paint/body workshop for the service and repair of company vehicles in addition to approve used cars. Manufactured vehicles are then transported to Durban (SA) for export. Transportation of vehicles to Durban port is on a daily basis. BMW South Africa (SA) has two train carriers, each one with a storage capacity of 176 units (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). The trains are used to transport imports units from Durban harbour to the VDC in Rosslyn. The vehicles are loaded onto car carrying vessels at the Durban harbour, known as RORO ships. These ships transport vehicles to several marketplaces at the opposite ends of the earth. Cars are conveyed on a bi-monthly basis to the Far East, USA and Australia, respectively (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). The transit period differs depending to the destination: Japan 23 days, USA 29 49 days, Australia 13 22 days (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). Quality Standards To ensure optimum customer satisfaction, the built quality of the vehicles produced at BMW Rosslyn Plant is measured through a process called Complete Product Audit. This audit compares the quality of a unit to the customers requirements, including technical specifications, fitment and function. These audits are performed throughout the build process at specified points. These strict audit standards are set at BMW Germany by the Central Quality department and are the same for all BMW plant (Academicsjournal.org, 2010). Using mySAP at BMW BMW uses mySAP Automotive to inspect assembly rank in real time. MySAP automotive parts use information and registers production validation every three minutes. Although, parts used during assembly are separately from the inventory count, and costs are posted to calculate the value of work in process. mySAP automotive helps to reduce order-to delivery time, reinforces supply chain activities in the areas of demand planning by tracking, tracing of material deliveries and improves inventory accuracy across BMW plant enabling significant reduction time-to customer (Academicsjournals.org, 2010). It also receives custom-configured manufacturing orders from BMWs planning system which include all the parts necessary to manufacture each car. However, BMW sends these long-horizon forecasts and short-horizon JIT delivery schedules to its suppliers. Larger suppliers receive the information via electronic data interchange (EDI) whereas other suppliers access the mySAP automotive supplier portal , where BMW posts the requirements to present up-to-date information on its delivery needs (Academicsjournals.org, 2010). By using only an Internet browser, suppliers can view this information in real time, including purchase documents, engineering documents, release schedules and invoices. When they ship parts, the suppliers send BMW advance shipping notifications (ASNs) to provide the car manufacturer with exact information on parts counts and delivery dates. Parts arriving at the BMW dock are then received and transferred directly to the line (Academicsjournals.org, 2010). BMW plant has fully integrated systems and network worldwide because BMW uses a service management system as part of a wider plan to improve supply chain lifecycles. The platform is triggered by complexities in the technology embedded in its cars and subsequent demand for systems to support servicing (Academicsjournals.org, 2010). BMW uses a portal to integrate information and systems with its suppliers which leads to faster information platform for communication however -advance technology applications is also used such as mySAP, JIT manufacturing, built-to-order which are all characteristics of lean manufacturing and innovations (Mangan et al, 2008; Academicsjournals.org, 2010). BMW Rosslyn plant logistics Logistics is part of the overall strategy of BMW as is part of the supply chain such as flows of material, information, people and equipment (BMWGroup.com, 2007). Doing logistics involves various activities such sourcing and purchasing inputs, managing inventorying, maintaining warehouses, and arranging transportation and delivery. (Mangan et al, 2010: ) Logistics play an important role in the manufacturing and the production of BMWs products which are shaped by a very highly and flexible efficient production network with mature work practice and the most advanced plants and facilities. As a worldwide player, the BMW Group is represented through its quality products of the BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce brand in more than 140 countries. A flexible network of 23 production plants in 12 countries ensures that each customer receives the car he has ordered tailored to his specific needs and preferences (BMW Group, 2010). Efficient and flexible assembly at BMW is guaranteed by stylised logistics for an efficient production and a smooth flow of materials. Proficient logistics at BMW ensures accurate delivery of the parts required exactly on time, with a smooth and accurate flow of parts from BMW Group components or supplier (BMW Group, 2007). My SA 2nd automotive receives custom-configured manufacturing orders from BMWs planning system (Sap.com, 2010). The orders include: Mass customization BMW plants were designed to allow maximum flexibility and effective communications two factors that BMW emphasized for customization of its cars. BMW was reputed for its customization program, which allowed buyers to design their own cars from a set of available options. These orders were then transported to the factory which manufactured them according to the requests, which are then delivered to the buyers in the shortest possible time. In manufacturing world, this structure is called mass customization (IcmIndia.org, n.d), which is one of the essential enablers of agile supply chain as it combines both advantages of mass customization with those of production (IcmIndia, n.d; Mangan et al, 2008). Most analysts agree that BMW was one of the prominent implementers of mass customization in the auto industry. BMW promoted differentiation of it products which is an important attribute for luxury car by proving 1000 bumpers variation, 4000 panels choices and 488 different door panels (See Appendix 2 Interesting facts). A very high percentage of their output is already made to order (Autoexpress.co.uk, 2010). Role of supplier and IT BMW suppliers are located near the factory which is makes easy to be accessible and the time waste. The company keep the supplier constantly in the information loop and the information system for assembly. BMW had a very accurate ERP solution established by SAP. It linked the SCM very well. Once the data entered it reached automatically to production areas (Scribd.com, 2010). BMW at Rosslyn plant is typical example of how this IT practice has been organised using synchronised logistics. In the BMW example the incoming trucks are set a pager and preparing the specification by radio frequency identification (RFID) tag on arrival which is sent either straight to one of the waiting area or to the waiting bays. When the next loading bay in the delivery/pickup sequence for a given truck becomes available, the truck is paged to drive up and be unloaded / loaded (Psionteklogix.com, 2010). The RFID unit as well acts as a transponder to recognize the loading bay location of the truck in the factory during its activities, which are monitored by the system. In other instances such as at DaimlerChrysler Bremen the incoming trucks for JIT and JIS (Just-In- Second) deliveries all have GPS and radio data units and they are tracked from their starting point at the supplier to the factory (Psionteklogix.com, 2010). By monitoring the progress of the incoming trucks any dela ys are recognized in advance and the unloading plan amended accordingly. Based on the planned arrival of vehicles, the SyncroSupply system can plan the allocation of unloading bays, forklifts and other equipment essential to unload the goods and get them to their final location in the factory. In addition to supplier vehicles the system also manages internal truck movements, inter factory transfers, milk runs, return of empties (psionteklogix.com 2010, Ciltuck.org.uk, 2010). Performance improvement The automotive industry is currently witnessing rapid increases in the number of models and model variants that are available on the global market. The industry is now required to meet specific customer requirements in terms of specification and delivery date. Therefore, a fundamental change in BMW manufacturer shifted towards build-to-order, suggesting dramatic rise in flexibility and responsiveness across supply chain partners by implemented the leagile framework. Leagile is the combination of the lean and agile paradigms within a total supply chain strategy by positioning the decoupling point so as to customer end of the supply chain (downstream) while providing level scheduling supplier end of the supply chain (upstream) from the marketplace (Mangan et al, 2010). In order to achieve leagile supply chain, the upstream at BMW of the decoupling point have best suit the need for responding to an unpredictable demand designed to be lean while downstream agile (Mangan et al, 2008). Critical analysis Although the efficient supply chain processes and technology following the process needs to be faultless and as quicker as possible for survival in these uncertain times. BMW plant is quite flexible to customer demands giving the choice for them to request the type of cars they want at the appropriate price available. Cars are built-to-customers orders rather than by mass production. For example, differentiation techniques are used during painting as well as choices of the car features for comfort, hence flexible manufacturing. They do not hold inventory because the strategy is focused on built-to-order, so cars are made in sequence as the orders are placed using advanced technology such as mySAP which communicates demand planning across the supply chain (BMWGroup.com, 2004; Mangan et al 2008). Hence, BMW acquire characteristics of lean and agile supply chain (BMWGroup, 2004). Therefore the implementation of a framework for leagile supply chain at BMW is best so as to react to change s in the market (Mangan et al, 2008). Traditionally, the BMW has employed mass production strategy focusing on cost reduction (Zhang and Chen, 2006). However, due to globalisation, changes in the business environment etc, there has been a noticeable shift from the practice (Elkins, 2004; Sweicki and Gerth, 2008). BMW Rosslyn plant and the automobile industry in general have felt the results of the global economic meltdown resulting in a noticeable the actors of the supply decrease in sales and export across the globe (BMWGroup.com, 2007). To alleviate the situation, BMW has focused on strategies cost reduction with suppliers by reducing manufacturing plants. Not surprisingly, cost containment is a concern that figures prominently on the automobile agenda (Mangan et al. 2008). IBM (2009) survey indicates that there are five primary challenges facing auto makers in this economic downturn. This includes risk, customer demand, visibility, cost containment and globalisation which are raising interest rate, raw material, energ y cost and strong fluctuation. In this uncertain business climate, in addition to lean manufacturing, automobile manufacturers should be agile and responsive in addressing change which is BMW characteristics. A superior supply chain is a must to help auto manufacturers redesign and differentiate themselves (Academicsjournals.org, 2010). The application of RFID technology at BMW warehouse has enabled the reading of multiple items simultaneously is an ubiquitous technology which could reduced motivation and job satisfaction which could lead to the reduction of operational performance because employee involvement in system design is important (Mangan et al, 2008). However there is the necessity to redesign and redefine BMW supply chain strategies, operations and layouts thus as to be able to react to varying market demands. It should be accepted that BMW have both lean and agile characteristics and the full implementation of a leagile supply chain is vital for the survival of BMW in th is uncertain business times and for the years to come. Conclusions In a highly challenging and competitive environment such as today, where supply chain is a popular tool for improving the organisational competitiveness, an efficient and effective supply chain strategy is a must for BMW and their component manufacturers so as to meet changing consumer demands.

Ernest Hemingway: Allegorical Figures In The Sun Also Rises Essay

Ernest Hemingway: Allegorical Figures in The Sun Also Rises Thesis: Hemingway deliberately shaped the protagonists in The Sun Also Rises as allegorical figures. OUTLINE I. The Sun Also Rises A. Hemingway's novel. B. Hemingway's protagonists are deliberately shaped as allegorical figures. C. Novel symbolizing the impotence after W.W.I. II. Jake Barnes. A. Wound. 1. Damaged genitalia. 2. Can't make love. 3. Feels desire. B. Wound is symbol of life in years after W.W.I. C. Wound from accident. 1. Accidents always happen. 2. Can't prevent accidents. 3. â€Å"It was like certain dinners that I remember from the war. There was much wine and ignored tension, and a feeling of things coming that you could not prevent.† D. Condition represents a peculiar form of impotence. E. Restrained romantic. F. Private grief with Cohn's public suffering. G. Strongly attracted to Pedro Romero. H. Later, when Barnes says that he hates â€Å"homos† and wants to hit them. III. Lady Brett Ashley. A. First appears with a group of homosexuals. B. Wears man's hat on short hair. C. Refers to men as fellow â€Å"chaps†. D. All complete distortion of sexual roles. E. The war has turned Brett into the equality of a man. F. This is like Jakes demasculation. G. All releases her from her womanly nature. H. â€Å"Steps off of the romantic pedestal to stand beside her equals. IV. Robert Cohn. A. Women dominate him. B. Old fashioned romantic. C. Lives by what he reads. D. To feel like a man. 1. Boxes. a. Helps him to compensate for bad treatment from classmates. b. Turns him into an armed romantic. 2. Likes authority of editing and honor of writing, but is a bad editor and a poor novelist. E. Looks for internal strength in outward signs and sources. F. Willing to suffer publicly and to absorb insults for sake of true love. G. He is ready to fight for his lady and knocks down his opponent like a knight. 1. When he goes against Pedro for Brett. a. Brett tells him off. b. Pedro won't fall. c. Brett stays with Pedro. d. Cohn is left alone. 2. Romantic hero met his match. 3. Shows difference between physical and moral victory. a. Pedro fights for dignity and his spirit is untouched by Cohn. b. Cohn's spirit is crushed. H. Cohn based his manhood on skill at boxing or on a woman's love, not on internal strength. V. Pedro Romero. A. Manhood stands without women. B. Reason Barnes is attracted to him. C. â€Å"Cohn and Pedro are... ...eration are weighed. From this point, Pedro can   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  be seen as the real hero, man whose code gives meaning to a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  world where love and religion are defuncts, where the proofs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of manhood are difficult and scarce, and where every man   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  must learn to define his own moral condition and then live   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  up to them (Bloom, 1985, p. 118).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hemingway purposely shaped the main characters in The Sun Also Rises as allegorical figures. Jake Barnes and Brett Ashley were two lovers desexed by the war. Robert Cohn was the false knight who challenged their despair. Pedro Romero personified the good life which will survive their failure. References Baron's Educational Series, Inc. (1984). The Sun Also Rises- The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Story. [WWW]. URL http://www.kidzone.com:/ecc/sunalso3.htm Bloom, H. (ED.). (1985). Modern Critical Views: Ernest   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hemingway. New York: Chelsea House Publishers Hemingway, E. (1926). The Sun Also Rises. New York: Charles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scribners' Sons